Deacons (Women as)

Jamin Hübner, A Case for Female Deacons, [Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2014]. Preview.

M. V. Pereira, Should Women Serve as Deacons? Is It Biblical For Women To Serve As Deacons? [Morgan Hill: Trinity Bible Church, 2013].

Egalitarian Scholars.

Linda L. Belleville, “Women Leaders in the Bible;” In: Discovering Biblical Equality: Complementarity Without Hierarchy, gen. eds. Ronald W. Pierce, Rebecca Merrill Groothuis, [Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2005], p. 121.

Philip B. Payne, Man and Woman, One in Christ: An Exegetical and Theological Study of Paul’s Letters, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009], pp. 61-62, 454-459.

Carroll D. Osburn, Women in the Church: Reclaiming the Ideal, [Abilene: ACU Press, 2001], pp. 139-147.

R. T. France, Women in the Church’s Ministry: A Test-Case for Biblical Hermeneutics, [Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 1995], pp. 87-88.

Ben Witherington III, Women in the Earliest Churches, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988], pp. 113-114, 124, 149-151, 199-201.

Scot McKnight, The Blue Parakeet: Rethinking How You Read the Bible: Revised Edition, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2016], pp. 180-184.

Kristina LaCelle-Peterson, Liberating Tradition: Women’s Identity and Vocation in Christian Perspective, [Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008], pp. 159-160.

Ruth A. Tucker, Walter Liefeld, Daughters of the Church: Women and Ministry from New Testament Times to the Present, [Grand Rapids: ZondervanPublishingHouse, 1987], p. 86.

Shirley Stephens, New Testament View of Women, [Nashville: Broadman Press, 1980], pp. 118-123.

Sojung Yoon, “Phoebe, a Minister in the Early Christian Church;” In: Distant Voices Drawing Near: Essays in Honor of Antoinette Clark Wire, ed. Holly E. Hearon, [Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2004], pp. 19-31.

William J. Rademacher, Lay Ministry: A Theological, Spiritual, and Pastoral Handbook, [New York: Crossroad, 1992], pp. 44, 152-155.

Complementarian Scholars.

James B. Hurley, Man and Woman in Biblical Perspective, [Grand Rapids: Academie Books, 1981], pp. 229-231, 231-233.

Stephen B. Clark, Man and Woman in Christ: An Examination of the Roles of Men and Women in Light of Scripture and the Social Sciences, [Ann Arbor: Servant Books, 1980], pp. 117-123.

Robert Saucy, “The Ministry of Women in the Early Church;” In: Women and Men in Ministry: A Complementary Perspective, gen. eds., Robert L. Saucy, Judith K. TenElshof, [Chicago: Moody Press, 2001], pp. 173-176.

Robert L. Saucy, The Church in God’s Program, [Chicago: Moody Press, 1974], pp. 159-161.

Edmund P. Clowney, The Church, Contours of Christian Theology, [Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1995], pp. 231-235.

J. Stephen Sandifer, Deacons: Male and Female? A Study for Churches of Christ, [Columbus: Brentwood Christian Press, 1989].

Andreas J. Köstenberger, Studies on John and Gender: A Decade of Scholarship, Studies in Biblical Literature 38, [New York: Peter Lang, 2001], pp. 333, 333-334. Cf. Andreas J. Köstenberger, “Women in the Pauline Mission;” In: The Gospel to the Nations: Perspectives on Paul’s Mission, eds. Peter G. Bolt, Mark D. Thompson, [Leicester: InterVarsity Press, 2000], p. 229.

Thomas R. Schreiner, “The Valuable Ministries of Women in the Context of Male Leadership: A Survey of Old and New Testament Examples and Teaching;” In: Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism, eds. John Piper, Wayne Grudem, [Wheaton: Crossway, 2021], pp. 279, 611. See also: desiringgod.org/books/ and archive.org.

Thomas R. Schreiner, “The Valuable Ministries of Women in the Context of Male Leadership: A Survey of Old and New Testament Examples and Teaching;” In: Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism, eds. John Piper, Wayne Grudem, [Wheaton: Crossway, 2021], pp. 287, 287-288, 612. See also: desiringgod.org/books/ and archive.org.

C. Brown, “Woman;” In: The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology: Volume 3: Pri-Z, ed. Colin Brown, [Exeter: The Paternoster Press, 1978], p. 1065.

Gregg R. Allison, Sojourners and Strangers: The Doctrine of the Church, Foundations of Evangelical Theology, [Wheaton: Crossway, 2012], 244-247.

James Montgomery Boice, Foundations of the Christian Faith: A Comprehensive & Readable Theology: Revised in One Volume, [Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1986], pp. 638-639.

James Leo Garrett, Jr., Systematic Theology: Biblical, Historical, and Evangelical: Volume 2, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1995], p. 579.

Gavin Ortlund, Finding the Right Hills to Die On: The Case for Theological Triage, [Wheaton: Crossway, 2020], p. 122.

Romans 16:1.

For.

James D. G. Dunn, Word Biblical Commentary: Volume 38B: Romans 9-16, [Dallas: Word Books, 1988], pp. 886-887.

C. E. B. Cranfield, The International Critical Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans: Volume II, [Edinburg: T. & T. Clark Limited, 1979], 781.

Thomas R. Schreiner, Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: Romans, [Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008], pp. 786-787.

F. F. Bruce, The Tyndale New Testament Commentaries: The Epistle of Paul to the Romans, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1963], p. 270.

Ben Witherington III, Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2004], p. 382.

Leon Morris, The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans, [Leicester: Apollos, 1988], pp. 528-529. See also: archive.org.

N. T. Wright, “The Letter to the Romans;” In: The New Interpreter’s Bible: In Twelve Volumes: Volume X, [Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2002], on Romans 16:1-2, pp. 761-762.

Robert Jewett, Hermeneia—A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible: Romans, [Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007], p. 944.

Matthew Black, The New Century Bible Commentary: Romans: Second Edition, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1989], p. 206.

Ernst Käsemann, Commentary on Romans, trans. & ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1980], pp. 342, 411.

R. C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, [Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1961], pp. 898-900.

C. H. Dodd, The Moffatt New Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans, [London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1936], p. 235.

Robert Haldane, Exposition of the Epistle to the Romans, [London: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1963], p. 633.

Ernest Best, The Cambridge Bible Commentary: The Letter of Paul to the Romans, [Cambridge: At the University Press, 1967], p. 174.

Charles Gore, St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: Vol. II: (Chapters IX-XVI), [London: John Murray, 1900], pp. 189-190.

Archibald Thomas Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament: Volume VI: The Epistles of Paul, [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931], p. 575. See also: ccel.org.

John McClintock, JamesStrong, Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature: Vol. VIII.—Pet–Re, [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1883], Phœ’bè, p. 147. See also: biblicalcyclopedia.com.

F. Godet, Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, trans. A. Cusin, ed. Talbot W. Chambers, [New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1883], pp. 386-387. See also: alternate edition.

Alexander T. McGill, “Deaconesses;” In:

The Presbyterian Review: Volume I: 1880, No. 2.—April, 1880, [New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1880], pp. 274-275.

Corrado Marucci, ‘The “Diaconate” of Phoebe (Rom 16:1-2) According to Modern Exegesis;’ In: Women Deacons? Essays With Answers, ed. Phyllis Zagano, [Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2016], pp. 1-12.

Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology, trans. John Richard De Witt, [London: SPCK, 1982], pp. 460-461.

James R. Edwards, New International Biblical Commentary: Romans, [Peabody: Hendrickson, 2002], pp. 353-354.

Brendan Byrne, S.J., Sacra Pagina Series: Volume 6: Romans, [Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1996], p. 447.

Franz J. Leenhardt, The Epistle to the Romans: A Commentary, trans. Harold Knight, [Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1961], p. 379.

Otto Michel, Der Brief an die Römer, [Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1957], p. 340 fn. 3.

Arland J. Hultgren, Paul’s Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2011], p. 570.

Marvin R. Vincent, Word Studies in the New Testament: Volume III: The Epistles of Paul, [New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1905], pp. 176-177.

H. G. C. Moule, Studies in Romans, [Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977], p. 246.

J. Vernon McGee, Romans: Chapters 9-16, [Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1991], pp. 130-131.

William Sanday, A. C. Headlam, The International Critical Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans: Fifth Edition, [New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1899], pp. 416-417.

W. Sanday, “The Epistle to the Romans;” In: A New Testament Commentary For English Readers: Vol. II, ed. John Ellicott, [London: Cassell & Company, 1884], p. 267.

Henry Alford, The Greek Testament: In Four Volumes: Vol. II, [London: Rivingtons, 1865], p. 465.

David Brown, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, [Glasgow: William Collins, 1863], pp. 152-153.

James Denny, “St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans;” In: The Expositor’s Greek Testament: Volume II, ed. W. Robertson Nicoll, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1951], pp. 717-718.

J. B. Lightfoot, Dissertations on the Apostolic Age, [London: Macmillan and Co., 1892], pp. 148-149. Cf. J. B. Lightfoot, Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians, [London: Macmillan and Co., 1898], p. 191.

John S. Hammett, Biblical Foundations for Baptist Churches: A Contemporary Ecclesiology, [Grand Rapids: Kregel Academic, 2019], pp. 230ff.

Susan Mathew, Women in the Greetings of Romans 16.1-16, [London: Bloomsbury, 2013], pp. 71-74.

Jouett M. Bassler, “Phoebe;” In: Women in Scripture, gen. ed. Carol Meyers, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2000], pp. 134-135.

Everett F. Harrison, “Romans;” In: The Expositor’s Bible Commentary: Abridged Edition: New Testament, eds. Kenneth L. Barker, John R. Kohlenberger III, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994], p. 599.

Albert Barnes, Barnes’ Notes on the New Testament: Complete and Unabridged in One Volume, ed. Ingram Cobbin, [Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1962], p. 665.

James Walters, ‘“Phoebe” and “Junia(s)”—Rom. 16:1-2, 7;’ In: Essays on Women in Earliest Christianity: Volume One, ed. Carroll D. Osburn, [Joplin: College Press, 1993], pp. 167-190.

Franz J. Leenhardt, The Epistle to the Romans: A Commentary, trans. Harold Knight, [Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1961], p. 379 fn. †. Cf. Otto Michel, Der Brief an die Römer, [Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1957], p. 340 fn. 3.

Douglas J. Moo, The New International Commentary on the New Testament: The Epistle to the Romans, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1996], p. 914.

Douglas J. Moo, “Romans;” In: New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition, eds. D. A. Carson, et al., [Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994], p. 1158.

Colin G. Kruse, The Pillar New Testament Commentary: Paul’s Letter to the Romans, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2012], p. 554.

Leon Morris, The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans, [Leicester: Apollos, 1988], p. 529. See also: archive.org.

Leon Morris, The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans, [Leicester: Apollos, 1988], p. 529 fn. 9. See also: archive.org.

Albrecht Oepke, “γυνή;” In: Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Volume I: Α-Γ, ed. Gerhard Kittel, trans. & ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1969], p. 787.

Albrecht Oepke, “γυνή;” In: Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Volume I: Α-Γ, ed. Gerhard Kittel, trans. & ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1969], p. 787 fn. 54.

Jamin Hübner, A Case for Female Deacons, [Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2014], pp. 23-24 fn. 15.

Richard N. Longenecker, The New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2016], pp. 1057-1058.

Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans, trans. Edwyn C. Hoskyns, [London: Oxford University Press, 1957], p. 535.

Richard N. Longenecker, The New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2016], p. 1064.

Henry Wheeler, Deaconesses, Ancient and Modern, [New York: Hunt & Eaton, 1889], p. 47.

Frederick William Danker, ed., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature: Third Edition: (BDAG), [Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2000], διάκονος, p. 230.

Linda L. Belleville, “Women in Ministry: An Egalitarian Perspective;” In: Two Views on Women in Ministry: Revised Edition, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005], p. 61.

Craig L. Blomberg, “Women in Ministry: A Complementarian Perspective;” In: Two Views on Women in Ministry: Revised Edition, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005], pp. 147-148.

Frank S. Thielman, Zondervan Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament: Romans, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2018], p. 710.

David E. Garland, Tyndale New Testament Commentaries: Romans, [Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2021], on Romans 16:1.

Mark Harding, What are They Saying About the Pastoral Epistles? [New York: Paulist Press, 2001], p. 52.

Overview.

Colin G. Kruse, The Pillar New Testament Commentary: Paul’s Letter to the Romans, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2012], pp. 553-555.

Joseph A. Fitzmyer, S.J., The Anchor Bible: Volume 33: Romans, [New York: Doubleday, 1993], p. 729.

R. C. Sproul, St. Andrew’s Expositional Commentary: Romans, [Wheaton: Crossway, 2009], pp. 503-504.

John Stott, Romans: God’s Good News for the World, [Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1994], pp. 393, 397.

Robert H. Mounce, The New American Commentary: Volume 27: Romans, [Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1995], p. 272.

C. K. Barrett, Black’s New Testament Commentary: The Epistle to the Romans: Revised Edition, [Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011], 258.

Douglas J. Moo, A Theology of Paul and His Letters: The Gift of the New Realm in Christ, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic, 2021], p. 600.

Against.

John Murray, The New International Commentary on the New Testament: The Epistle to the Romans, Single Volume Edition, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1968], Volume 2, p. 226.

Wm. S. Plumer, Commentary on Romans, [Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1979], p. 638.

Charles Caldwell Ryrie, The Place of Women in the Church, [New York: The Macmillan Company, 1958], p. 88.

Carolyn Osiek, Margarety MacDonald, Janet H. Tulloch, A Woman’s Place: House Churches in Earliest Christianity, [Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2006], p. 215.

Fernand Prat, S.J., The Theology of St. Paul: Volume I, trans. John L. Stoddard, [London: Burns, Oates and Washbourne Ltd, 1933], p. 350.

Jason G. Duesing, Thomas White, Malcolm B. Yarnell III, Upon this Rock: A Baptist Understanding of the Church, [Nashville: B & H, 2010], pp. 204ff.

J. Armitage Robinson, “Deacon and Deaconesses;” In: Encyclopædia Biblica: Volume I: A to D, [New York: The Macmillan Company, 1899], p. 1039.

F. LaGard Smith, Men of Strength for Women of God, [Eugene: Harvest House, 1989], p. 216.

NET Bible: Full Notes Edition, [Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2019], p. 2183 fn. O. See also: online.

Kazimierz Romaniuk, “Was Phoebe in Romans 16,1 a Deaconess?” In: Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der Älteren Kirche, Vol. 81, Iss. 1 (Jan 1, 1990), [Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1990], p. 134.

1 Timothy 3:11.

For.

Gordon D. Fee, New International Biblical Commentary: 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, [Peabody: Hendrickson, 1988], pp. 88-89.

J. N. D. Kelly, Harper’s New Testament Commentaries: The Pastoral Epistles: Timothy, II Timothy, Titus, [New York: Harper & Row, 1963], pp. 83-84.

Lewis R. Donelson, Westminster Bible Companion: Colossians, Ephesians, First and Second Timothy, and Titus, [Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996], p. 133.

R. C. H. Lenski, The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians, to the Thessalonians, to Timothy, to Titus and to Philemon, [Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1961], pp. 594, 598-600.

C. K. Barrett, The Pastoral Epistles, [Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1963], pp. 61-62.

Luke Timothy Johnson, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, [Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1987], p. 78.

Luke Timothy Johnson, The Anchor Bible: Volume 35A: The First and Second Letters to Timothy, [New York: Doubleday, 2002], pp. 228-229.

Philip H. Towner, The New International Commentary on the New Testament: The Letters to Timothy and Titus, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 2006], pp. 265-267.

Thomas C. Oden, First and Second Timothy and Titus, [Louisville: John Knox Press, 1989], pp. 149-150.

William Barclay, The Letters to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon: Revised Edition, [Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1975], pp. 86-87.

Carl Spain, The Living Word Commentary: The Letters of Paul to Timothy and Titus, [Abilene: ACU Press, 1984], pp. 66-67.

E. F. Scott, The Moffatt New Testament Commentary: The Pastoral Epistles, [London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1936], pp. 36-37.

Patrick Fairbairn, The Pastoral Epistles, [Edinburg: T. & T. Clark, 1874], pp. 149-151.

J. H. Bernard, Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools.and Colleges: The Pastoral Epistles, [Cambridge: At the University Press, 1899], pp. 58-59.

Archibald Thomas Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament: Volume VI: The Epistles of Paul, [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931], p. 425. See also: ccel.org.

Jennifer H. Stiefel, ‘Women Deacons in 1 Timothy: A Linguistic and Literary Look at “Women Likewise . . .” (1 Tim 3:11);’ In: Women Deacons? Essays With Answers, ed. Phyllis Zagano, [Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2016], pp. 13-29.

H. D. M. Spence, “The Epistles to Timothy and Titus;” In: A New Testament Commentary for English Readers: Vol. III, ed. Charles John Ellicott, [London: Cassell and Company, 1897], pp. 192-193.

Joseph Reuss, Alois Stöger, The Epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, [London: Sheed and Ward, 1977], p. 40.

Robert J. Karris, O.F.M., New Testament Message: Volume 17: The Pastoral Epistles, [Wilmington: Michael Glazier, Inc., 1979], pp. 75-76.

I. Howard Marshall, Philip H. Towner, 

International Critical Commentary: The Pastoral Epistles, [London: T & T Clark, 2006], pp. 492-494.

Stephen G. Wilson, Luke and the Pastoral Epistles, [London: SPCK, 1979], p. 56.

Walter F. Taylor, Jr., “1-2 Timothy, Titus;” In: The Deutero-Pauline Letters: Revised Edition, ed. Gerhard Krodel, [Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993], p. 83.

Bruce J. Malina, John J. Pilch, Social-Science Commentary on the Deutero-Pauline Letters, [Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2013], pp. 122-123.

Kenneth S. Wuest, The Pastoral Epistles in The Greek New Testament, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1954], p. 61.

J. B. Lightfoot, Dissertations on the Apostolic Age, [London: Macmillan and Co., 1892], pp. 148-149. Cf. J. B. Lightfoot, Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians, [London: Macmillan and Co., 1898], p. 191.

J. Armitage Robinson, “Deacon and Deaconesses;” In: Encyclopædia Biblica: Volume I: A to D, [New York: The Macmillan Company, 1899], p. 1040.

Ronald A. Ward, Commentary on 1& 2 Timothy & Titus, [Waco: Word Books, 1977], p. 60.

Henry Alford, The Greek Testament: In Four Volumes: Vol. III, [London: Rivingtons, 1865], pp. 327-328.

Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, David Brown, A Commentary: Critical, Practical and Explanatory, On the Old and New Testaments: New Testament—Vol. II, [Toledo: Jerome B. Names & Co., 1884], p. 202.

I. H. Marshall, et al., gen. eds., New Bible Dictionary: Third Edition, [Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 2001], “Deaconess,” p. 262.

Henry Eyster Jacobs, A Summary of the Christian Faith, [Philadelphia: General Council Publication House, 1907], p. 445.

Overview.

Annette Bourland Huizenga, Moral Education for Women in the Pastoral and Pythagorean Letters: Philosophers of the Household, Supplements to Novum Testamentum: Volume 147, [Leiden: Brill, 2013], pp. 308-309.

Martin Dibelius, Hermeneia—A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible: The Pastoral Epistles, [Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972], p. 58.

Chad Brad, gen. ed., Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary, [Nashville: Holman Reference, 2015], “Deacon,” pp. 395-396.

Walter L. Liefeld, The NIV Application Commentary: 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, [Grand Rapids: ZondervanPublishingHouse, 1999], p. 134.

N. T. Wright, Paul For Everyone: The Pastoral Letters: 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus, [London: SPCK, 2004], p. 36.

James Gavigan, et al., eds., The Navarre Bible: St Paul’s epistles to the Thessalonians and Pastoral Epistles, [Blackrock: Four Courts Press, 1996], pp. 108-109.

John S. Hammett, Biblical Foundations for Baptist Churches: A Contemporary Ecclesiology, [Grand Rapids: Kregel Academic, 2019], pp. 230ff.

 Against.

William D. Mounce, Word Biblical Commentary: Volume 46: Pastoral Epistles, [Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2000], pp. 202-204, 210-212.

George W. Knight III, The New International Greek Testament Commentary: The Pastoral Epistles, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1992], pp. 170-173.

R. Kent Hughes, Brian Chapell, 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus, [Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2000], p. 86.

Paul F. Barackman, The Epistles to Timothy and Titus, [Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1962], p. 39.

J. L. Houlden, The Pelican New Testament Commentaries: The Pastoral Epistles: I and II Timothy, Titus, [Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1976], p. 80.

H. A. Ironside, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, [Neptune: Loizeaux Brothers, 1986], pp. 80-81.

A. R. C. Leaney, Torch Bible Commentaries: The Epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, [London: SCP Press Ltd., 1960], p. 58.

Morton S. Enslin, Letters to the Churches: 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, [London: Lutterworth Press, 1963], pp. 73-74.

Paul S. Jeon, 1 Timothy, Volume 2: A Charge to God’s Missional Household, [Eugene: Pickwick Publications, 2017], pp. 57-63.

Anthony Tyrrell Hanson, The Cambridge Bible Commentary: The Pastoral Letters, [Cambridge: At the University Press, 1966], p. 43.

A. T. Hanson, New Century Bible Commentary: The Pastoral Epistles, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1982], pp. 80-81.

David C. Verner, The Household of God: The Social World of the Pastoral Epistles, SBL Dissertation Series 71, [Society of Biblical Literature, 1983], p. 133.

Jason G. Duesing, Thomas White, Malcolm B. Yarnell III, Upon this Rock: A Baptist Understanding of the Church, [Nashville: B & H, 2010], pp. 193ff.

Charles Caldwell Ryrie, The Place of Women in the Church, [New York: The Macmillan Company, 1958], p. 90ff.

NET Bible: Full Notes Edition, [Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2019], 1 Timothy 3:11. See also: online.

1 Timothy 3:12 (Idiomatic).

Andrew Bartlett, Men and Women in Christ: Fresh Light from the Biblical Texts, [London: InterVarsity Press, 2020], pp. 319-321.

Thomas C. Oden, First and Second Timothy and Titus, [Louisville: John Knox Press, 1989], p. 149.

John Chrysostom, Homilies on the First Epistle to Timothy, Hom. 11 [on 1 Timothy 3:11, 12], trans. NPNF1, 13:441. See also: ccel.org.

Henry Alford, The Greek Testament: In Four Volumes: Vol. III, [London: Rivingtons, 1865], p. 328.

Common English Bible, 1 Timothy 3:12.

Contemporary English Version, 1 Timothy 3:12.

New American Bible: Revised Edition, 1 Timothy 3:12.

New Revised Standard Version [2021], 1 Timothy 3:12.

Historical Considerations.

Kevin Madigan, Carolyn Osiek, eds., Ordained Women in the Early Church: A Documentary History, [Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press, 2005], pp. 8, 11-24.

Roger Gryson, The Ministry of Women in the Early Church, trans. Jean Laporte, Mary Louise Hall, [Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1976].

Phyllis Zagano, Holy Saturday: An Argument for the Restoration of the Female Diaconate in the Catholic Church, [New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2000].

John Wijngaards, No Women in Holy Orders? The Women Deacons of the Early Church, [Norwich : Canterbury Press, 2002].

Kevin Madigan, Carolyn Osiek, eds., Ordained Women in the Early Church: A Documentary History, [Baltimore & London: The John Hopkins University Press, 2005].

Everett Ferguson, “Deaconess;” In: Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition: Volume 1: A-K, ed. Everett Ferguson, [New York & London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1997], pp. 321-322.

F. L. Cross, E. A. Livingstone, eds., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church: Third Edition, [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997], “Deaconess,” pp. 455-456.

The Ministry of Women, [London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1919].

Jean LaPorte, The Role of Women in Early Christianity, Studies in Women and Religion: Volume Seven, [New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1982].

Philip Schaff, History of the Apostolic Church: With a General Introduction to Church History, trans. Edward D. Yeomans, [New York: Charles Scribner, 1854], §. 135. Deaconesses, pp. 535-537.

Aimé Georges Martimort, Deaconesses: An Historical Study, trans. K. D. Whitehead, [San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986].

Lucy Rider Meyer, Deaconesses, Biblical, Early Church, European, American, [Cincinnati: Cranston & Stowe, 1892].

Corrado Marucci, “History and Value of the Feminine Diaconate in the Ancient Church;” In: Women Deacons? Essays With Answers, ed. Phyllis Zagano, [Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2016], pp. 30-56.

Jeannine E. Olson, One Ministry Many Roles: Deacons and Deaconesses Through the Centuries, [St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1992].

John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Epistle to the Romans, Hom. 30 [on Romans 16:1], trans. NPNF1, 11:549-550. See also: ccel.org.

John Chrysostom, Homily Concerning Lowliness of Mind, 6; trans. NPNF1, 9:150. See also ccel.org.

John Chrysostom, Homilies on the First Epistle to Timothy, Hom. 11 [on 1 Timothy 3:11, 12], trans. NPNF1, 13:441. See also: ccel.org.

Clement of Alexandria, Stromaties, 3.6.53; trans. The Library of Christian Classics: Volume II: Alexandrian Christianity, trans. & ed. John Ernest Leonard Oulton, Henry Chadwick, [London: SCM Press Ltd, 1954], pp. 64-65.

Origen of Alexandria, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, 10.17.2; trans. FC, 104:290-291.

Cecilia Robinson, The Ministry of Deaconesses, [London: Methuen & Co., 1898], pp. 84-85.

Pliny the Younger, Letter, 96 [To the Emperor Trajan]; trans. The Letters of the Younger Pliny, trans. Betty Radice, [London: Penguin Books, 1969], pp. 293, 294.

Alexander T. McGill, “Deaconesses;” In:

The Presbyterian Review: Volume I: 1880, No. 2.—April, 1880, [New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1880], p. 272.

M. V. Pereira, Should Women Serve as Deacons? Is It Biblical For Women To Serve As Deacons? [Morgan Hill: Trinity Bible Church, 2013], pp. 17-18.

M. V. Pereira, Should Women Serve as Deacons? Is It Biblical For Women To Serve As Deacons? [Morgan Hill: Trinity Bible Church, 2013], p. 18 fn. 1.

Roger Gryson, The Ministry of Women in the Early Church, trans. Jean Laporte, Mary Louise Hall, [Collegeville: The Liturgical Press, 1976], pp. 14-15.

G. H. R. Horsley, New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity: Volume 4: A Review of the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri published in 1979, [Macquarie University, N.S.W.: The Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, 1987], 122. Sophia, ‘the second Phoibe,’ p. 239.

Cassiodorus, from a commentary which is no longer extant; Quoted In: Peter Abelard, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, The Fathers of the Church: Medieval Continuation, trans. Stephen R. Cartwright, [Washington, D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 2011], p. 386.

Gregg R. Allison, Historical Theology: An Introduction to Christian Doctrine, [Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic, 2011], pp. 594-595.

G. M. Burge, “Deacon, Deaconess;” In: Evangelical Dictionary of Theology: Second Edition, ed. Walter A. Elwell, [Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2007], p. 321.

Merrill F. Unger, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, ed. R. K. Harrison, [Chicago: Moody Press, 2005], “Deaconess,” p. 288.

W. A. Heidel, “Deacon; Deaconess;” In: The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: Fully Revised: Volume One: A-D, gen. ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, [Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1979], p. 880.

H. D. M. Spence, “The Epistles to Timothy and Titus;” In: A New Testament Commentary for English Readers: Vol. III, ed. Charles John Ellicott, [London: Cassell and Company, 1897], p. 193.

Hermann W. Beyer, “διακονέω, διακονία, διάκονος;” In: Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Volume II: Δ-Η, ed. Gerhard Kittel, trans. & ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1978], p. 93.

Henry Alford, The Greek Testament: In Four Volumes: Vol. III, [London: Rivingtons, 1865], pp. 327-328.

Reformed Theologians (Historical).

Herman Bavinck, Reformed Dogmatics: Volume Four: Holy Spirit, Church, and New Creation, ed. John Bolt, trans. John Vriend, [Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2008], §. 499, p. 347.

Matthew Henry, Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible: Vol. VI.—Acts to Revelation, [New York: Fleming H. Revell Company], on Romans 16:1, p. 497.

Geerhardus Vos, Reformed Dogmatics: Single-Volume Edition, trans. & ed. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., [Bellingham: Lexham Press, 2020], 5.2.1.8, p. 905.

Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology: Vol. II, [New York: Charles Scribner and Company, 1872], p. 606.

Charles Hodge, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans: Tenth Edition, [Philadelphia: William S. Martien, 1846], pp. 343, 344.

John Calvin, Commentary on Romans, on Romans 16:1; trans. Calvin’s Commentaries: The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romans and to the Thessalonians, trans. Ross Mackenzie, [Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1961], p. 320.

John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion: Volume Third, [Edinburg: Printed for the Calvin Translation Society, 1846], 4.13.19, p. 295.

John Gill, An Exposition of the New Testament: In Two Vols.—Vol. II, [London: William Hill Collingridge, 1853], on Romans 16:1, p. 141.

Charles Spurgeon, “Helps,” (#777) A Sermon Delivered by C. H. Spurgeon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, Newington, 1867; From: Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit Volume 13.

Thomas Goodwin, “The Government and Discipline of the Churches of Christ, Set Down By Way of Questions and Answers;” In: The Works of Thomas Goodwin: Vol. XI, [Edinburg: James Nichol, 1865], p. 515.

Matthew Pool, Annotations Upon the Holy Bible: In Three Volumes: Vol. III, [London: James Nisbet and Co., 1852], on 1 Timothy 3:11, p. 780.

Benjamin B. Warfield, “X. Editorial Notes: Presbyterian Deaconesses;” In: The Presbyterian Review: Volume X, [New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1888], April, pp. 284, 286.

Alexander T. McGill, “III. Deaconesses;” In: The Presbyterian Review: Volume I, [New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1880], April, p. 273.

Cultural Considerations.

J. B. Lightfoot, Dissertations on the Apostolic Age, [London: Macmillan and Co., 1892], pp. 148-149. Cf. J. B. Lightfoot, Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians, [London: Macmillan and Co., 1898], p. 191.

Robert L. Saucy, The Church in God’s Program, [Chicago: Moody Press, 1974], p. 160.

Walter A. Elwell, gen. ed., Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible: Volume 1: A-I, [Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1988], “Deaconess,” p. 591.

W. W. Rand, ed., Dictionary of the Holy Bible: Revised and Enlarged Edition, [New York: American Tract Society, 1914], “Dea’coness,” p. 129.

Patrick Fairbairn, The Pastoral Epistles, [Edinburg: T. & T. Clark, 1874], p. 151.

William Weinrich, “Women in the History of the Church: Learned and Holy, but Not Pastors;” In: Recovering Biblical Manhood and Womanhood: A Response to Evangelical Feminism, eds. John Piper, Wayne Grudem, [Wheaton: Crossway, 2021], p. 331. See also: desiringgod.org/books/ and archive.org.

Archibald Thomas Robertson, Word Pictures in the New Testament: Volume VI: The Epistles of Paul, [New York: Harper & Brothers, 1931], p. 425. See also: ccel.org.

Merrill F. Unger, The New Unger’s Bible Dictionary, ed. R. K. Harrison, [Chicago: Moody Press, 2005], “Deaconess,” pp. 288, 288-289.

Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church: Vol. I: Apostolic Christianity: Third Revision, [New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1889], §. 62. Deacons and Deaconesses, pp. 500-501. See also: ccel.org.

Albert Barnes, The Apostolic Church: An Inquiry Into Its Organization and Government, [Philadelphia: Presbyterian Publication Committee, 1855], p. 197.

καὶ αὐτός ἐστιν πρὸ πάντων καὶ τὰ πάντα ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκεν ~ Soli Deo Gloria